বকà§à¦¤à¦¾ যাহা বলে তাহাই narration বা উকà§à¦¤à¦¿à¥¤
Narration দà§à¦‡ পà§à¦°à¦•à¦¾à¦° :
- Direct Narration
- Indirect Narration
Direct Narration: যখন কোন কথা কে পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ না করে অবিকল সে à¦à¦¾à¦·à¦¾à¦‡ বà§à¦¯à¦•à§à¦¤ করা হয় তখন তাকে Direct Narration বলে। ইহাকে inverted commas à¦à¦° মধà§à¦¯à§‡ রাখা হয়।
Inverted commas à¦à¦° à¦à¦¿à¦¤à¦°à§‡à¦° অংশে বকà§à¦¤à¦¾ তার বকà§à¦¤à¦¬à§à¦¯ উদà§à¦§à§ƒà¦¤à¦¿ করে আর à¦à¦•à§‡ Reported Speech বলে। বকà§à¦¤à¦¾à¦° বকà§à¦¤à¦¬à§à¦¯à§‡ বাইরের verb কে reporting verb বলে।
Indirect Narration: যখন কোন কথা কে পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ করে সে à¦à¦¾à¦·à¦¾ বà§à¦¯à¦•à§à¦¤ করা হয় তখন তাকে Indirect Narration বলে।
Rules of Changing Narration |
According to Tense:
a). Direct speech à¦à¦° reporting verb present tense, present perfect tense, Future Tense à¦à¦° হলে Reported Speech à¦à¦° verb à¦à¦° ense à¦à¦° কোন পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ হয় না। কেবল person পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ হয়।
Direct: He says, “I am ill.”
Indirect: He says that he is ill.
b). Reporting verb টি past tense হলে Reported speech à¦à¦° verb পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হয়ে Corresponding past tense হয়।
Note: Direct Speech থেকে Indirect Speech ঠকরার নিয়ম নিচে দেখানো হল:
Direct |
Indirect |
Present Indefinite Tense
He said, “I write a letter.”
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Past Indefinite Tense
He said that he wrote a letter.
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Present Continuous Tense
He said, “I am reading.”
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Past Continuous Tense
He said that he was reading.
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Present Perfect Tense
She said, “I have done my duty.
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Past Perfect Tense
She said that she had done her duty.
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Present Perfect Continuous Tense
They said, “We have been working for two hours.”
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Past Perfect Continuous Tense
They said that they had been working for two hours.
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Past Indefinite Tense
He said, “I wrote a letter.”
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Past Perfect Tense
He said that he had written a letter.
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Past Continuous Tense
Molly said, “I was reading.”
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Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Molly said that she had been reading.
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Future Tense
She said to me, “I shall help you.”
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Future in the past tense
She said that she would help me.
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According to Modal Verb:
Direct |
Indirect |
‘will’
Rita said to me, “You will go home tomorrow.”
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‘would’
Rita said to me that I would go home next day.
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‘shall’
Refat said, “I shall do the work.”
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‘should’
Refat said that she would to the work.
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‘Can’
He said, “I can finish the work.”
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‘Could’
He said that he could finish the work.
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‘May’
Pritam said, “I may go to school”.
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‘Might’
Pritam said that he might go to school.
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- Wish, would, rather, sooner, it is high time à¦à¦° পর unreal past tense অপরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ থাকে।
Direct: He said, “It is time we left the place.
Indirect: He said that it was time they left the place.
- Indirect speech ঠ“had better” 1st person à¦à¦¬à¦‚ third person à¦à¦° সহিত অপরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ থাকে। কিনà§à¦¤à§ second person-à¦à¦° সহিত had better অপরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ থাকতে পারে অথবা নিমà§à¦¨à¦²à¦¿à¦–িত উপায়ে পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হতে পারে।
Direct: He said to me,”You had better go”.
Indirect: He said to me that i had better go.
- might, ought to, should, would, used to, indirect speech ঠঅপরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ থাকে।
Direct: I said to him,”You might go”.
Indirect: I said to him that he might go.
- If i were you, I should/would… ” দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ উপদেশ বà§à¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡ indirect করার সময় subject+advise+object+to+reported speech à¦à¦° verb বসে।
Direct: I said to him,” If i were you, i should wait”.
Indirect: I advised him to want.
- Reported speech-à¦à¦° অনà§à¦¤à¦°à¦—ত First Person সরà§à¦¬à¦¦à¦¾ Reporting verb- à¦à¦° Subject- à¦à¦° person অনà§à¦¯à¦¾à§Ÿà§€ পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হয়।
Direct: He said to me,” I had done my duty”.
Indirect: He said to me that he had done his duty.
- Reported Speech -à¦à¦° অনà§à¦¤à¦°à¦—ত Second person সরà§à¦¬à¦¦à¦¾ Reporting verb -à¦à¦° object- à¦à¦° person অনà§à¦¯à¦¾à§Ÿà§€ পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হয়।
Direct: He said to me, “you have done your duty”.
Indirect: He said to me that I have done my duty.
- Reported Speech -à¦à¦° অনà§à¦¤à¦°à¦—ত Third Person à¦à¦° কোন পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ হয় না।
Direct: I said to you, “ He has done his duty”.
Indirect: I said to you that he had done his duty.
Exceptional:
- We দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ মানবজাতি বà§à¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡ first person হওয়া সতà§à¦¤à§‡ ও indirect speech ঠতার পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ হয় না।
Direct: The teacher said, “ We are mortal,”
Indirect: The teacher said that we are mortal.
- b) We যদি বকà§à¦¤à¦¾(speaker) ও যাকে উদà§à¦¦à§‡à¦¶à§à¦¯ করে (person spoken to) উà¦à§Ÿà¦•à§‡ বà§à¦à¦¾à§Ÿ তবে Indirect Speech -ঠতার কোন পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ হয় না।
Direct: He said to me, “We should do our duty.”
Indirect: He said to me that we should do our duty.
Some Extra Tips:
- must সাধারনতঃ “had to” তে রà§à¦ªà¦¾à¦¨à§à¦¤à¦°à¦¿à¦¤ হয়।
Direct: Nafisa said, “ I must write a letter”.
Indirect: Nafisa said that she had to write a letter.
- b) First person must ঠmust কোন à¦à¦¬à¦¿à¦·à§à¦¯à§Ž কাজের দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ বà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦§à¦¬à¦¾à¦§à¦•à¦¤à¦¾ বà§à¦à¦¾à¦¤à§‡ Indirect speech-ঠwould have to তে রà§à¦ªà¦¾à¦¨à§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হয়।
Direct: He said, “We must leave the house if the rent is increased.”
Indirect: He said that they would have to leave the house if the rent was increased.
- c) কিনà§à¦¤à§ চিরকালিন বাধবাধকতা বà§à¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡ must-à¦à¦° কোন পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ হয় না।
Direct: Father said to his son, “ You must obey your teachers”.
Indirect: Father said to his son that he must obey his teachers.
- d) Reported speech কোন Universal truth(চিরনà§à¦¤à¦¨ সতà§à¦¯) or habitual fact(অà¦à§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¸à¦—ত করà§à¦®) পà§à¦°à¦•à¦¾à¦¶ করলে verb-à¦à¦° কোন পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ হয় না।
Direct: He said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
Indirect: He said that the earth moves round the sun.
- e) Reporting verb হিসেবে “say” বা “tell”-à¦à¦° বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à¦¾à¦°à¥¤
Reported verb হিসেবে “say” Direct à¦à¦¬à¦‚ Indirect উà¦à§Ÿ Speech-à¦à¦‡ বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à§ƒà¦¤ হয়। তবে indirect speech ঠsay বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à¦¾à¦° না করাই à¦à¦¾à¦²à¥¤ Reporting verb হিসেবে tell সাধারনত direct narration ঠবà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à§ƒà¦¤ হয় না। Tell à¦à¦° পর অবশà§à¦¯à¦‡ à¦à¦•à¦Ÿà¦¿ indirect (বà§à¦¯à¦•à§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¬à¦¾à¦šà¦•) object বসাতে হবে। say à¦à¦° পর যদি object বসাতে হয় তবে object à¦à¦° পূরà§à¦¬à§‡ to বসে। tell à¦à¦° পর to বসে না।
Direct: Roky said to Jak, “ I like to read novels.”
Indirect: Roky told Jak that he liked to read novels.
- f) নৈকটà§à¦¯ সূচক শবà§à¦¦à¦—à§à¦²à§‹ Indirect speech ঠপরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হয়ে দূরতà§à¦¬ সূচক শবà§à¦¦à§‡ পরিনত হয়। যেমনঃ
Direct |
Indirect |
Direct |
Indirect |
That |
That |
Today |
That day |
These |
Those |
Tomorrow |
The next day |
Here |
There |
Yesterday |
The previous day |
Ago |
before |
Last month |
The previous month |
Come |
go |
To night |
That night |
Thus |
so |
Last night |
The previous night |
Hither |
Thither |
Next week |
The following week |
Here |
There |
Now |
Then |
- g) Direct Speech ঠ“Thank you” থাকলে তাকে Indirect করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: sub + thank/thanked + reporting verb à¦à¦° obj
Direct: He said to me, “Thank you”
Indirect: He thanked me.
- h) “Good bye” যà§à¦•à§à¦¤ Direct speech কে Indirect করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Sub + bid/bade + obj + goodbye
Direct: He said, “Good bye my friends”.
Indirect: He bade his friend’s good bye.
- i) Direct SpeechঠGood morning/Good evening/Good night থাকলে indirect করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: sub+ wish/wised + obj + good morning/evening/night
Direct: I said to him, “Good morning.”
Indirect: I wished him good morning.
- j) Reporting verb ও তার subject à¦à¦¬à¦‚ object উলà§à¦²à§‡à¦• না থাকলে The speaker said to the person spoken to লিখে Indirect Speech-ঠরূপানà§à¦¤à¦° করতে হয়।
Direct: “I shall meet you tomorrow”.
Indirect: The speaker said to the person spoken to that he would meet him the next day.
Assertive sentence কে indirect speech-ঠরà§à¦ªà¦¾à¦¨à§à¦¤à¦°à§‡à¦° সময় Reporting verb say/said, or tell/told (object যদি থাকে) বসে । Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে conjunction “that” বসে । Reported Speech à¦à¦° subject + verb + Extension.
Direct: The teacher said to me, “You are wrong”.
Indirect: The teacher said to me that i was wrong.
Direct: Ruma said, “My father would go home tomorrow”.
Indirect: Ruma said that her father would go home tomorrow.
b) Interrogative Sentence: |
- Reporting verb টি ‘ask’ ‘enquire of’ ‘want to know’ ‘demand’ ‘wonder’ ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿à¦¤à§‡ পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হয়। Reported Speech যদি Auxiliary verb (do, does, did, shall, will, am, is, are, was, were, can, may ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿) দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ আরমà§à¦ হয় আরà§à¦¥à¦¾à§Ž সংকà§à¦·à§‡à¦ªà§‡ “yes” বা “no” দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ উতà§à¦¤à¦° দেওয়া যায় তবে Reported speech à¦à¦° পূরà§à¦¬à§‡ that না বসিয়া if/whether বসাতে হয়। Sentence টি Interrogative à¦à¦° পরিবরà§à¦¤à§‡ Assertive sentence -ঠরà§à¦ªà¦¾à¦¨à§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হয়।
Direct: He said to me, “Are you reading my book?”
Indirect: He asked me if i was reading his book.
- Reported Speech যদি Interrogative pronoun (who, whom, whose, what, which ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿) বা Interrogative adverb (why, where, how, when ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿) দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ আরমà§à¦ হয় তবে if/whether বসে না, ঠশবà§à¦¦à¦Ÿà¦¿à¦‡ বসে। Sentence টি Interrogative à¦à¦° পরিবরà§à¦¤à§‡ Assertive sentence -ঠরà§à¦ªà¦¾à¦¨à§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হয়।
Direct: He said to his father, “What are you doing?”
Indirect: He asked his father what he was doing.
- à¦à¦•à§à¦·à§‡à¦à§‡ Reporting verb -টি অনà§à¦°à§‹à¦§ বà§à¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡ request, আদেশ বà§à¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡ order/command, উপদেশ বà§à¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡ advise অনà§à¦¯à¦¥à¦¾à§Ÿ tell দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হয় + Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে + Reported speech-à¦à¦° মূল verb থেকে শেষ পরà§à¦¯à¦¨à§à¦¤ বসে।
Direct: He said to me, “ Please give me a glass of water.”
Indirect: He requested me to give him a glass of water.
- Imperative Sentence-টি যদি negative হয় তবে reporting verb à¦à¦° পরে not বসে à¦à¦¬à¦‚ তার পর to বসে।
Direct: He said to me, “ don't do this.”
Idirect: He told to me not to do that.
- Imperative sentence-ঠdirect speech-ঠকাউকে সমà§à¦¬à§‹à¦§à¦¨ করা হলে নিচের নিয়ম à¦à¦° সাহাযà§à¦¯à§‡ indirect speech-ঠরূপানà§à¦¤à¦° করতে হয়।
Structure: Addressing + Reporting verb-à¦à¦° object(যদি থাকে) + as + যাকে/যাদেরকে সমà§à¦¬à§‹à¦§à¦¨ করা হইয়াছে সে শবà§à¦¦à¦Ÿà¦¿ + reporting verb-à¦à¦° subject + reporting verb + to + reported speech à¦à¦° মূল verb থেকে শেষ পরà§à¦¯à¦¨à§à¦¤à¥¤
Direct: He said to them, “Friends help me.”
Indirect: Addressing them as friends, he requested them to help him.
- Imperative sentence à¦à¦° direct speech-ঠSir থাকলে indirect করার সময় Sir à¦à¦° পরিবরà§à¦¤à§‡ respectfully বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à§ƒà¦¤ হয়।
Direct: The boy said to the teacher, “ Sir, lend me your book please.”
Indirect: The boy requested the teacher respectfully to lend him(b) his(t) book.
- Let à¦à¦° পরে us থাকলে indirect করার সময় reporting verb-টি পরিবরà§à¦¤à§‡ হয়ে propose/suggest হয় + inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে + they/we + should বসে + reported speech à¦à¦° মূল verb থেকে শেষ পরà§à¦¯à¦¨à§à¦¤ বসে।
Note: Reporting verb à¦à¦° Subject third person হলে that à¦à¦° পর we বসে à¦à¦¬à¦‚ reporting verb à¦à¦° subject first person হলে that à¦à¦° পরে they বসে।
Direct: We said to the chairman, “Let us drop the matter.”
Indirect: We proposed the chairman dropping the matter.
Direct: I said to him, “Let us play.”
Indirect: I suggest playing.
Exceptional: Let দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ পà§à¦°à¦¸à§à¦¤à¦¾à¦¬ না বà§à¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡ reporting verb টি পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ হয় না inverted comma উঠে that বসে+ reported verb à¦à¦° subject পà§à¦¨à¦°à¦¾à§Ÿ বসে + might + reporting speech-à¦à¦° মূল verb থেকে শেষ পরà§à¦¯à¦¨à§à¦¤ বসে।
Direct: Kamal said to me, “Let him say whatever he likes.”
Indirect: Kamal told me that he might say whatever he liked.
Reporting verb-à¦à¦° পরিবরà§à¦¤à§‡ wish or pray বসে + Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে + Reported speech -à¦à¦° subject বসে + may/might + Reported speech -à¦à¦° মূল verb থেকে শেষ পরà§à¦¯à¦¨à§à¦¤ বসে।
Direct: Father said to me, “May you pass the examination.”
Indirect: Father prayed that i might pass the examination.
Direct: The teacher said to the student, “May Allah blesses you.”
Indirect: The teacher wished that Allah might bless the student.
- Direct Speech দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ আননà§à¦¦ বà§à¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡ Reporting verb পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤ হয়ে exlaim/exlaimed with joy আর দà§à¦ƒà¦– বà§à¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡ exclaim/exclaimed with sorrow or grief ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ হয় + Inverted comma উঠে that বসে + reported speech আর subject + reporting verb অনà§à¦¯à¦¾à§Ÿà§€ reported peech আর verb বসে + very/great + adjective বসে + বাকি অংশ।
Direct: The man said, “Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect: The man exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
- Reported Speech how বা what দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ শà§à¦°à§ হলে অরà§à¦¥à¦¾à§Ž Sentence à¦à¦° শà§à¦°à§à¦¤à§‡ আতিশযà§à¦¯ বà§à¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡ Indirect Narration করার সময় উকà§à¦¤ How/What à¦à¦° পরিবরà§à¦¤à§‡ very, much, great ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à¦¾à¦° করতে হয়।
Direct: Silva said, “What a fine bird it is.”
Indirect: Silva exclaimed with joy that it was a very fine bird.